Torsion bar rear suspension for ride-on mowers

ABSTRACT

A rear suspension device for a ride-on mower includes a pivoting assembly coupled to the frame of the ride-on mower by a torsion bar which has a transversely extending back portion that can be trapped between projections on the rear portion of the frame of the mower and a front surface of the pivoting assembly. Portions of the torsion bar extend substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the ride-on mower and have ends that extend through apertures in torsion bar brackets that are coupled to the pivoting assembly. The suspension device is capable of transferring weight from one portion of the ride-on mower to another portion of the ride-on mower, thereby enhancing stability.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application No. 08/437,156, filed Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,570,570, which is a division of U.S. patent application No. 08/092,971, filed Jul. 16, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,315.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for steering and providing a suspension for a ride-on mower. More particularly, the invention relates to an improved apparatus and method for steering and suspending a ride-on mower wherein novel mechanical components provide improved ride-on mower steering, static and dynamic stability and handling characteristics.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Prior art ride-on mowers have generally lacked high static and dynamic stability. (As used herein, "ride-on mower" shall refer to vehicles capable of carrying and powering accessories for cutting vegetation, whether or not such accessories are coupled to the unit.) This instability has typically resulted from the high centers of gravity and rigid suspension systems of prior art devices. Commonly-used rigid suspension systems have typically been incapable of transferring weight from one portion of the ride-on mower to another to offset centrifugal forces and/or weight transferred due to traversing inclines. These limitations have reduced the effectiveness and versatility of prior art ride-on mowers.

Further, prior art devices have generally experienced various traction problems during normal operation. For example, when traversing undulating terrain, the rigid suspension systems of the prior art devices can allow one or more wheels to become substantially unloaded. This unloading can cause wheel spin to occur with attendant turf damage, as well as immobilization of the tractor. While this problem has been addressed to some extent by using limited slip differentials, these limited slip differentials can produce a "plowing" effect whereby the front wheels experience understeer. This effect is exacerbated when the tractor suspension system is incapable of transferring weight to an unloaded wheel. In addition to being a potential safety hazard, this understeer can cause substantial damage to the lawn. Further, many conventional limited slip differentials produce parasitic power losses by frictionally engaging powertrain components. Accordingly, increased tractor fuel efficiency, power and steering capability are possible if limited slip differentials can be avoided.

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for steering a ride-on mower.

It is another object of the invention to provide a novel apparatus and method for suspending a ride-on mower.

It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved steering and suspension system which is capable of transferring weight from one portion to another portion of the ride-on mower.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide a novel ride-on mower steering and suspension device which produces increased static and dynamic stability in comparison to prior art devices.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for leveling a ride-on mower accessory in response to vertical displacement caused by the ride-on mower steering and/or suspension system.

It is another object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for steering and suspending a rear-engine ride-on mower which offers improved handling characteristics.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for steering and suspending a ride-on mower utilizing position restoring means to smoothly dampen suspension movement.

It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for steering and suspending a front-engine ride-on mower which offers improved handling characteristics.

It is another object of the invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for steering and suspending a ride-on mower which reduces or eliminates the need for a limited slip differential.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide a novel ride-on mower steering system which enables a majority of the weight of the ride-on mower to bear on inner portions of its steering tires during a turning operation.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide an improved apparatus and method for leveling a ride-on mower cutting deck in response to ride-on mower frame displacements.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method of maximizing desirable weight transfer while turning a vehicle by selecting an optimal spindle angle for the vehicle.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a rear suspension device for a ride-on mower that includes a pivoting assembly coupled to the ride-on mower. The pivoting assembly is coupled to a frame of the ride-on mower by a torsion bar. The torsion bar has a transversely extending back portion that can be trapped between projections on the rear portion of the frame of the mower and a front surface of the pivoting assembly. Portions of the torsion bar which extend substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the ride-on mower have ends that extend through apertures in torsion bar brackets coupled to the pivoting assembly of the ride-on mower. The suspension device is capable of transferring weight from one portion of the ride-on mower to another portion of the ride-on mower, thereby enhancing stability.

Other advantages and features of the invention, together with the organization and the manner of operation thereof, will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements have like numerals throughout the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an improved steering and suspension system constructed in accordance with one form of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of a steering assembly and a leveling assembly;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exploded view of a steering assembly and leveling assembly constructed in accordance with one form of the invention;

FIG. 4A shows a side view of an angled left side spindle in a straight ahead steering configuration; FIG. 4B illustrates a rear view of an angled left spindle in a right turn; and FIG. 4C shows a side rear of an angled right spindle in a right turn configuration;

FIGS. 5A-5E illustrate a steering cam for use in an alternative embodiment;

FIGS. 6A-6C show a steering cam for use in an alternative embodiment;

FIG. 7A illustrates a perspective view of a leveling cam; FIG. 7B shows an upper view of the leveling cam; and FIG. 7C illustrates a rear view of the leveling cam;

FIG. 8A shows a front view of an accessory hitch; and FIG. 8B illustrates a side view of the accessory hitch;

FIG. 9A illustrates a front view of a leveling system including a cam interacting with a follower surface of an accessory hitch, and FIG. 9B shows a front view of the leveling system shown in FIG. 9A in a left turn configuration;

FIG. 10A shows a front view of a ride-on mower having a spindle assembly and a leveling assembly constructed in accordance with one form of the invention; FIG. 10B shows a front view of the ride-on mower illustrated in FIG. 10A with steering turned in a right turn configuration; and FIG. 10C shows a front view of the ride-on mower illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B with steering turned in a fall left turn configuration;

FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a pivoting carrier assembly and a torsion bar assembly;

FIG. 12 shows an exploded view of a pivoting carrier assembly of a ride-on mower constructed in accordance with one form of the invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates a side view of a torsion bar showing a deflection thereof;

FIG. 14A shows an upper view of a torsion bar constructed in accordance with one form of the invention; FIG. 14B illustrates a side view of the torsion bar illustrated in FIG. 14A; and FIG. 14C shows a front view of the torsion bar illustrated in FIGS. 14A and 14B;

FIG. 15A illustrates an upper view of a torsion bar saddle; FIG. 15B shows a front view of the torsion bar saddle illustrated in FIG. 15A; and FIG. 15C shows a side view of the torsion bar saddle illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B.

FIG. 16 shows an exploded perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 17 illustrates a side view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 16.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the figures and more particularly to FIG. 1, a ride-on mower steering and suspension system constructed in accordance with one form of the invention is indicated generally at 10. The system 10 preferably comprises a spindle assembly 12, a leveling assembly 14, a pivoting carrier assembly 16 and a torsion bar assembly 18, all of which are coupled to a riding ride-on mower 20. Each of these assemblies creates its own beneficial effects and offsets any undesired effects of the other assemblies as described in further detail hereinbelow.

As shown in FIGS. 1-4 as a nonlimiting example, the spindle assembly 12 preferably comprises substantially L-shaped spindles 24 supported in cylindrical bearings 26 inserted in steel tubes 28. The steel tubes 28 are welded to a frame 30 of the ride-on mower 20. The cylindrical bearings 26 rotatably couple the spindles 24 to the frame 30 of the ride-on mower 20. A lower portion 32 of the spindle 24 is rotatably coupled to a wheel 34 using conventional bearings and connection techniques.

An upper portion 36 of the spindle 24 extends through the cylindrical bearings 26, and the cylindrical bearings 26 are angled backward along a longitudinal axis 38 (see FIG. 2) of the ride-on mower 20 to produce negative caster. In other words, the lower portion 32 of the spindle 24 is located forward of part of the upper portion 36 of the spindle 24. This orientation provides significant handling advantages and load transfer characteristics which will be described in greater detail herein.

Negative caster is shown in FIG. 4A where the lower portion 32 of the spindle 24 is generally horizontal in a "straight ahead" steering configuration. FIG. 4B illustrates a side view of the left spindle 24 in a right turn steering configuration. The upper portion 36 of the spindle 24 is still held at the same angle of caster, but has rotated almost 90° to a right turn configuration. This effectively raises the outer edge 46 of the lower portion 32 of the spindle 24. Because a wheel 34 and a tire 40 are coupled to the lower portion 32 of the spindle 24, the inner surface 44 of the left tire 40 contacts the turf 42 (see FIG. 4B). Conversely, the right spindle 24 behaves in an opposite manner, thereby dropping its coupled wheel 34 slightly. Accordingly, in a right turn (see FIG. 4B), the tractor 20 rides on the inner surface 44 of the left tire 40 which is affixed to the wheel 34 and the spindle 24, while the right tire 40 rides on the right tire outer edge 48 (see FIG. 4C). This tire configuration is similar to a skier using ski edges to turn effectively. Moreover, the outside tire 40 is riding on its inner surface 44, which is a softer edge and can reduce turf damage. During a left turn, the lower portion 32 of the left spindle 24 pitches downward and the lower portion 32 of the right spindle 24 pitches upward, thereby reversing the configuration previously described.

It should be noted that because the inner and outer wheels 34 in a turn do not necessarily turn the same distance inward, the amount of lift generated by one side can exceed the amount of drop generated by the other side. For example, in the preferred embodiment described herein, the inside wheel 34 turns at a tighter angle than the outside wheel 34. This necessitates the spindle 24 corresponding to the inside tire 40 to turn farther, thereby increasing the wheel drop associated with the required rotation.

As a wheel 34 drops due to the spindle 24 turning, this effectively raises the frame 30 connected to the cylindrical bearings 26 in which the spindles 24 are rotatably coupled (see FIGS. 10A-C). Conversely, as the opposite spindle 24 raises the wheel 34, the frame 30 effectively drops toward the ground as the clearance between the tire 40 and the frame 30 is reduced by the angled nature of the spindle 24. This vertical displacement of the frame 30 can tilt an accessory coupled to the frame 30. As a nonlimiting example, a ride-on mower cutting deck (not shown) can be tilted by the vertical displacement, thereby producing an undesirable uneven cut. The present invention provides a means of counteracting such vertical displacement so that consistent mowing heights are maintained on each side of the ride-on mower 20.

As shown in FIGS. 1-3, a leveling assembly 14 for counteracting this vertical displacement is shown. The leveling assembly 14 is connected to the steering assembly 22 by a leveling control rod 54 (best seen in FIG. 3). The leveling control rod 54 is connected at an outer end to a cam bracket affixed to the left spindle 24. As the spindle 24 rotates, the leveling control rod 54 moves generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 38 (shown in FIG. 2) of the ride-on mower 20. The leveling control rod 54 is attached to the cam bracket 56. A lower end of the cam bracket 56 includes a hole through which a bolt 58 is inserted. The bolt 58 extends through a cam 57 and mounts the cam bracket 56 for rotation with respect to the frame 30.

The cam 57 (see FIGS. 2, 3 and 7A-7C) engages an accessory hitch 50 (see FIGS. 2 and 8) which is pivotably mounted to the frame 30. The hitch 50 is provided with a cam follower surface 60 which engages the cam 57. As the cam 57 rotates, the cam follower surface 60 pivots the hitch 50 generally about its center axis 52, thereby substantially offsetting the vertical displacement caused by the angled spindles 24. FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate how the cam bracket 56 rotates the cam 57 with respect to the frame 30 and the hitch 50. FIG. 9B shows this rotation and its effects. The cam 57 has rotated about the bolt 58, and the cam follower surface 60 has caused the hitch 50 to rotate about the center axis 52. FIG. 9B illustrates a left turn configuration. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the cam 57 yields essentially linear displacement rates when actuated by the essentially linear vertical displacement of the angled spindles 24. Accordingly, a right turn configuration actuates the hitch 50 to pivot about the center axis 52 in an identical manner in the other direction. The movement of the hitch 50 can be limited through use of a limiting bolt 59 (see FIG. 9A) which can extend through a slot 61 in the hitch 50 and can be provided with a bushing to facilitate pivoting through a desired range in the slot 61. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other linkage mechanisms can be fabricated to produce many of the advantages of the previously described apparatus.

The hitch 50 can be connected to a wide variety of accessories powered by the ride-on mower 20, including, but not limited to, a ride-on mower cutting deck (not shown). Further details regarding a connection of a hitch similar to the hitch 50 to suitable accessories can be found at column 1, line 53 through column 2, line 34, column 3, line 1 through column 4, line 59, and FIGS. 1-5, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,043, which is owned by the Assignee of the present invention and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. When a ride-on mower cutting deck is attached to the hitch 50, for example, a level cut is provided even as vertical displacement of a frame 30 is caused by turning of the angled spindles 24. When a snow plow (not shown) is connected to the hitch 50, the plow is kept level even as the ride-on mower 20 turns. Accordingly, power is transferred from the ride-on mower 20 to accessories while tilting corresponding to frame movement is not transferred. This is best shown in FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C which illustrate a straight ahead, full right turn and full left turn configuration (respectively) of the leveling assembly 14.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         LEVELING ASSEMBLY                                                              HITCH/FRAME RELATIONSHIP                                                       TURN        R.O.     R.I.     L.I.  L.O.                                       CONDITION   FRAME    HITCH    HITCH FRAME                                      ______________________________________                                         STRAIGHT    15.63    8        8     15.63                                      1/2 RIGHT   15.69    8        8     15.56                                      FULL RIGHT  15.75    8        8     15.50                                      1/2 LEFT    15.56    8        8     15.69                                      FULL LEFT   15.50    8        8     15.75                                      ______________________________________                                          NOTE: MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS ARE SHOWN ON FIG. 10B, FULL RIGHT HAND TURN.       THESE ARE TYPICAL LOCATIONS FOR ALL CONDITIONS CHARTED ABOVE.            

Table I illustrates the effectiveness of a leveling assembly construction in accordance with one form of the invention. The hitch 50 is kept level as vertical displacement of the frame 30 is caused by the turning of the angled spindles 24. It can further be seen from data in Table I that the relationship between turning and vertical displacement upon the frame 30 is essentially linear. Accordingly, the leveling assembly 14 provides an offsetting effect of vertical displacement caused by the angled spindles 24 as they rotate.

An alternative leveling mechanism is shown in FIGS. 5A-5E and 6A-6C. In this embodiment, cylindrical steering cams 51 (or 151) mesh with one another and cause offsetting vertical displacement as steering action causes the cams 51 (or 151) to rotate relative to each other. While various cam profiles can be used, the profiles illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5E and 6A-6C can provide satisfactory results.

The vertical displacement caused by the angled spindles 24 also shifts weight from one portion of the tractor 20 to another as the frame 30 is moved upward and downward. This weight transfer is utilized beneficially through the use of the pivoting carrier assembly 16 and the torsion bar assembly 18, as shown in FIG. 11. Preferably, the pivoting carrier assembly 16 comprises a generally rectangular frame 62 coupled to a transmission and differential carrier unit 64 which is attached to the driving wheels 34 and the driving tires 40. The driving tires 40 can be kept in secure contact with undulating terrain due to the ability of the carrier unit 64 to pivot about the tractor's longitudinal axis 38. This pivoting action can be accomplished in various conventional ways, but preferably the pivoting carrier assembly 16 pivots on bolts 66 which couple the pivoting carrier assembly 16 to the frame 30. In order to lower the center of gravity of the tractor 20 and therefore increase tractor stability, the pivot axis 68 of the pivoting carrier assembly 16 is located as low as possible.

A torsion bar 70 extends through each side of the pivoting carrier assembly 16 which is preferably located at a rear portion of the ride-on mower 20. The torsion bar 70 provides measured resistance to rotation away from a centered position of the pivoting carrier unit 64 and the ride-on mower frame 30. High frequency responses such as those provided by conventional springs are avoided with the torsion bar system. This provides a greater feeling of stability for the ride-on mower 20, thereby increasing the operator's confidence and comfort operating the ride-on mower 20.

The torsion bar 70 (shown in detail in FIG. 14A-14C) also helps transfer weight from one portion of the ride-on mower 20 to another, through connections with the frame 30. The torsion bar 70 preferably comprises cold formed steel having a diameter selected for the particular application and response characteristics desired. For example, for the applications described herein, torsion bar diameters of approximately 0.5625 inch have produced satisfactory results. Though various connection techniques can be used, preferably, ends 76 of the torsion bar 70 are inserted through torsion bar saddles 78 (shown in FIGS. 13 and 15A-15C) and into torsion bar brackets 79 (shown in FIG. 13) affixed to the frame 30 of the ride-on mower 20. The torsion bar brackets 79 are coupled to the frame 30 and preferably comprise a metal tab having a hole disposed therein through which the ends 76 of the torsion bar 70 are inserted. The torsion bar saddles 78 and torsion bar brackets 79 enable the torsion bar 70 to transfer forces primarily vertically upward and downward to and from the frame 30. As the carrier unit 64 pivots one way, one end of the torsion bar 70 pulls down on the frame 30 (through its coupling with the torsion bar bracket 79) and bends upward, resisting the pivoting action. Simultaneously, the other end 76 of the torsion bar 70 pushes up on the frame 30 and bends, also resisting the pivoting action. The bending of the torsion bar 70 occurs both at angled portions 80 as well as back portion 82 of the torsion bar 70. For example, as shown in FIG. 14B, the angled portion 80 has a rearward surface 91 that will move counterclockwise while the back portion 82 rotates slightly, within the torsion bar saddles 78, providing a measured resistance caused by the torsional rigidity of the back portion 82 of the torsion bar 70. Opposite movement and rotation occurs at the opposite end of the torsion bar 70, providing a relatively low frequency restoring effect. This action also desirably transfers weight between one portion of the tractor 20 and another, as described in greater detail herein.

Referring to FIG. 13, overall operation of the various aspects of the invention and their changes to effects can be described. As the wheels 34 of the ride-on mower 20 are steered left, the negative caster of the spindles 24 causes the left spindle 24 to lower the left front wheel 34. Simultaneously, the negative caster of the right hand spindle 24 causes the right hand wheel 34 to raise with respect to the frame 30. As the left wheel 34 lowers, the distance between the wheel 34 and the frame 30 increases, thereby vertically displacing the left side of the frame 30 upward. Conversely, the right side of the frame 30 experiences downward vertical displacement as the wheel 34 rises toward the frame 30. This twisting of the front portion of the frame 30 causes the substantially rigid frame 30 to twist in a clockwise direction as viewed from the rear of the ride-on mower 20. The torsion bar 70 resists such movement and increases the weight on the right rear wheel 34. Further, the resistance caused by the torsion bar 70 contacting the relatively fixed right side of the right rear portion of the frame 30 pulls down on the left rear portion of the frame 30. This downward force is transferred up to the left front wheel 34 through the frame 30 and the spindle assembly 12. Accordingly, as shown in the Examples which follow, weight is transferred to the right rear and the left front tire 40 in a left turn.

This ability to perform weight transfer substantially increases dynamic stability of the ride-on mower 20. Prior art ride-on mowers tend to become dynamically unstable by lifting their inside front tire in a turn. Further, a tendency for the driving wheels to slide while turning at relatively high speed is another common example of dynamic instability. Both of these instability problems can be substantially lessened with the preferred embodiments of the invention. Further, operator confidence and comfort are increased due to the increased dynamic stability.

Static stability is increased as well by the structure of the ride-on mower 20. As the angle of inclination to which the ride-on mower 20 is exposed increases, the frame 30 tends to roll over toward the downhill portion of the ride-on mower 20. This action starts to compress the torsion bar 70 which then pulls down on the uphill portion of the frame 30. This effective weight transfer to an uphill portion of the ride-on mower 20 allows the ride-on mower 20 to remain stable at greater angles of inclination, as shown in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate weight distributions at the four wheels of the ride-on mower. These examples clearly demonstrate that the features of the present invention enhance desirable weight transfer to provide improved handling characteristics.

Example 1 Rear Engine Ride-On Mower Torsion Bar Disconnected No Mower 8° Angled Spindles ##STR1## Example 2 Rear Engine Ride-On Mower Torsion Bar Connected No Mower 8° Angled Spindles ##STR2##

Example 2 demonstrates the effectiveness of the torsion bar in transferring weight to the inner steering tire and the outer drive wheel while turning. This weight transfer (which is negligible with the torsion bar disconnected as shown in Example 1) helps prevent the inner steering tire from raising off the ground. Further, the weight transfer provides greatest weight at the outside driving tire, thereby powering the tractor through the turn and minimizing plowing effects.

Example 3 Side Hill Stability Test Rear Engine Ride-On Mower 8° Angled Spindles Mower Attached

    ______________________________________                                                    Right Side Downhill                                                                        Left Side Downhill                                      Safe Angle of                                                                               Mower    Mower    Mower  Mower                                    Inclination  Up       Down     Up     Down                                     ______________________________________                                         With Torsion Bar                                                                            21.5°                                                                            21°                                                                              21°                                                                            21°                               Without Torsion Bar                                                                         17°                                                                              16°                                                                              16°                                                                            15°                               ______________________________________                                    

Example 3 illustrates the increased static stability obtained with the torsion bar assembly. The tractor was subjected to an increased angle of inclination until it became statically unstable. Due to a slightly asymmetric weight distribution about the longitudinal axis of the ride-on mower, the figures very slightly depend on the orientation of the tractor. This example shows that the torsion bar in its desirable weight transfer characteristics significantly increases the static stability of the ride-on mower. This allows the operator to safely negotiate greater slopes than is possible with many prior art devices.

Example 4 Rear Engine Ride-On Mower Straight Front Spindles Torsion Bar Connected No Mower ##STR3##

This example illustrates that, even with the torsion bar connected, straight front spindles do not generate the desirable weight transfer generated by the angled front spindles. Accordingly, the synergistic combination effect of the angled front spindles and the torsion bar structure produces the desirable weight transfer characteristics which increase dynamic stability and steering characteristics. However, as demonstrated by Example 5, side hill stability is still increased significantly by the torsion bar, thereby increasing the angle of inclination which the operator can safely traverse with the ride-on mower. Ride-on mower rollover is an extremely serious safety consideration and thus, the torsion bar assembly provides important advantages.

Example 5 Rear Engine Ride-On Mower Straight Front Spindles Mower Attached

    ______________________________________                                                     Right Down Left Down                                                           Mower Mower    Mower   Mower                                                   Up    Down     Up      Down                                        ______________________________________                                         With Torsion Bar                                                                             20°                                                                             21°                                                                              20°                                                                           21°                                Without Torsion Bar                                                                          17°                                                                             17°                                                                              18°                                                                           18°                                ______________________________________                                    

Example 6 Dynamic Turning Stability Test Rear Engine Ride-On Mower Turning Radius Comparison Mower Attached

    ______________________________________                                         Speed Vertical Spindle                                                                               Angled Spindle                                           MPH   Left      Right     Left  Right Comments                                 ______________________________________                                         1.50  13"       14"       11"   11"                                            2.62  20"       18"       11"   11"                                            4.00  36"*      33"*      18"   18"   *Vertical                                                                      spindle had                                                                    inside front                                                                   wheel lift                                                                     off                                      5.25  No test   No test   24"-36"                                                                              24"-36"                                                                              Angle                                          (Could not                                                                               (Could not            varied                                         run without                                                                              run without           because of                                     danger of danger of             slide                                          overturn.)                                                                               overturn.)                                                     ______________________________________                                    

This example highlights the substantial differences in effective turn radius provided by the angled spindle configuration. At lower speeds, the angled spindle provides a slightly better turning radius. However, at normal operating speeds, the differences between the configurations becomes extremely significant. A difference of 7-9" in effective turning radius is demonstrated at 2.62 miles per hour. These results indicate that the angled spindle ride-on mower could effectively track at this speed, while the ride-on mower with vertical spindles is dynamically unstable and is sliding sidewise, increasing the risk of rollover and potentially damaging the turf. Further, the vertical spindle configuration at 4 miles per hour is sliding and has also lifted its inside front wheel. The front wheel liftoff can be extremely disconcerting to an operator, thereby making the operator less comfortable and less satisfied with the ride-on mower overall. Finally, the test at 5.25 miles per hour could not be run with the ride-on mower with vertical spindles due to risk of overturn. However, the angled configuration was sliding at approximately the same amount as the vertical spindle configuration at 4 miles per hour. Further, the risk of overturn was clearly substantially reduced in the angled spindle configuration.

Examples 7-14 for a front engine embodiment demonstrate similar results to the rear-engine embodiment previously described. Further, the more sharply angled (16°) front spindles show an even greater weight transfer than with the 8° angled spindles. However, the amount of vertical displacement generated by these spindles can greatly increase the flexion experienced by the frame. This flexion increases the fatigue on the frame, thereby potentially decreasing the effective life of the frame. Currently, while embodiments using spindle angles far in excess of 16° can be used, preferably, the spindle angle should range between approximately 1°-20° for a balance of effective weight transfer and minimization of frame fatigue.

Example 7 Front Engine Ride-On Mower Torsion Bar Disconnected No Mower 8° Angled Spindles ##STR4## Example 8 Front Engine Ride-On Mower Torsion Bar Connected No Mower (8° Angled Front Spindles) ##STR5## Example 9 Front Engine Ride-On Mower Torsion Bar Disconnected No Mower 16° Angled Front Spindles ##STR6## Example 10 Front Engine Ride-On Mower Torsion Bar Connected No Mower 16° Angled Spindles ##STR7## Example 11 Front Engine Ride-On Mower Torsion Bar Connected No Mower 8° Angled Spindles (200# in Seat) ##STR8## Example 12 Front Engine Ride-On Mower Torsion Bar Disconnected No Mower 8° Angled Front Spindles (200# in Seat) ##STR9## Example 13 Front Engine Ride-On Mower Mower Attached ##STR10## Example 14 Turning Radius Comparison Front Engine Ride-On Mower No Mower

    ______________________________________                                         Speed Vertical Spindle                                                                              Angled Spindle                                            MPH   Left      Right    Left    Right  Comments                               ______________________________________                                         1.50  14"       121/2"   121/2"  l1"                                           2.62  14"       121/2"   121/2"  11"                                           4.00  23"       18"      181/2"  16"                                           5.25  26" to 44"                                                                               24" to 40"                                                                              26" to 30"                                                                             24" to 28"                                                                            *                                      ______________________________________                                          *Turning more consistent with the angled spindles and torsion bar. The         high and low numbers differed because of lack of traction.               

Another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 16-17. In accordance with this preferred embodiment, a torsion bar 170 includes ends 176 which are coupled to the sides of a pivoting carrier assembly 116 which is preferably located at a rear portion of the ride-on mower 20. The torsion bar 170 provides measured resistance to rotation away from a centered position of the pivoting carrier frame 162 and the ride-on mower frame 130. High frequency responses such as those provided by conventional springs are avoided with the torsion bar system. This provides a greater feeling of stability for the ride-on mower 20, thereby increasing the operator's confidence and comfort operating the ride-on mower 20.

The torsion bar 170 (shown in detail in FIG. 16) also helps transfer weight from one portion of the ride-on mower 20 to another, through connections with the frame 130. The torsion bar 170 preferably comprises cold formed steel having a diameter selected for the particular application and response characteristics desired. For example, for the applications described herein, torsion bar diameters of approximately 0.5625 inch have produced satisfactory results. Though various coupling techniques can be used, preferably ends 176 of the torsion bar 170 are inserted into or otherwise coupled to torsion bar brackets 179 (shown in FIGS. 16 and 17) or other structures coupled to or integral with the frame 162 of the pivoting carrier assembly 116 of the ride-on mower 20. The torsion bar brackets 179 preferably comprise metal tabs having apertures 100 disposed therein through which the ends 176 of the torsion bar 70 are inserted. Portions 180 of torsion bar 170 extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the ride-on mower 20. A back portion 182 of the torsion bar 170 can be coupled to the ride-on mower 20 in a variety of ways, including bolting or otherwise coupling saddles or other support structures to the frame 130. Preferably, the back portion 182 is coupled to the frame 130 by trapping the back portion 182 between the pivoting carrier frame 162 and a rear frame portion 90 of the frame 130, as best shown in FIG. 17.

The rear frame portion 90 has a rearward surface 91 that preferably includes projections 92 at each side that trap the back portion 182 in place between a forward surface 63 of the pivoting carrier frame 162 and the rear frame portion 90. The pivoting carrier frame 162 is preferably bolted or otherwise coupled to the rear frame portion 90 to retain the pivoting carrier frame 162 at a relatively fixed distance from the rear frame portion 90, while enabling the pivoting carrier frame 162 to pivot with respect to the rear frame portion 90 (as described above for other preferred embodiments).

The torsion bar brackets 179 and projections 92 enable the torsion bar 170 to transfer forces primarily vertically upward and downward to and from the frame 130. As the carrier frame 162 pivots one way, one end of the torsion bar 170 pulls down on the frame 130 (through its coupling with the projections 92) and bends upward, resisting the pivoting action. Simultaneously, the other end 176 of the torsion bar 170 pushes up on the frame 130 and bends, also resisting the pivoting action. The bending of the torsion bar 170 can occur both at ends 176 as well as the back portion 182 of the torsion bar 170. For example, the end 176 will move counterclockwise while the back portion 182 rotates slightly within the projections 92, providing a measured resistance caused by the torsional rigidity of the back portion 182 of the torsion bar 170. Opposite movement and rotation occurs at the opposite end of the torsion bar 170, providing a relatively low frequency restoring effect. This action also desirably transfers weight between one portion of the tractor 20 and another, as described in greater detail hereinbefore.

Further, this preferred embodiment enables accessories, such as grass collection systems and the like, to be mounted to the ends 176 of the torsion bar 170. The torsion bar 170 is sturdily dimensioned to provide a low frequency suspension response. This sturdy construction provides a very low cost and a strong coupling or attachment point which would otherwise require separate tooling and manufacture. Additionally, the mounted accessory will follow ground contours with the pivoting carrier frame 162 , increasing the effectiveness of some accessories.

While preferred embodiments have been illustrated and described, it should be understood that changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the invention in its broader aspects. Various features of the invention are defined in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A rear suspension device in combination with a ride-on mower including a frame, the rear suspension device comprising:a pivoting assembly coupled to a rear portion of said frame of said ride-on mower; a torsion bar including a first portion and a second portion that is integral with said first portion, said integral second portion of said torsion bar extending substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of said ride-on mower and coupled to said pivoting assembly; and a coupling structure coupled to said pivoting assembly, said coupling structure including an aperture, said torsion bar being coupled to said pivoting assembly by inserting at least one end of said torsion bar through said aperture in said coupling structure, wherein said first portion of said torsion bar is located between a rearward surface of said frame of said ride-on mower and a forward surface of said pivoting assembly and is trapped between said rearward surface of said frame of said ride-on-mower and said forward surface of said pivoting assembly.
 2. The combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said rear portion of said frame of said ride-on-mower includes projections for trapping said first portion of said torsion bar between said rear portion of said ride-on-mower and said forward surface of said pivoting assembly.
 3. The combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said pivoting assembly rotates about said longitudinal axis of said ride-on mower and said torsion bar limits said rotation.
 4. The combination as defined in claim 1, wherein said torsion bar transfers weight between portions of the ride-on mower located diagonally on a support structure of said ride-on mower.
 5. A method of suspending a ride-on mower, said method comprising the steps of:coupling a rear portion of said ride-on mower to a torsion bar by locating a first portion of said torsion bar between a rearward surface of the rear portion of said ride-on mower and a forward surface of a pivoting assembly to trap said first portion of said torsion bar between said rearward surface of said rear portion of said ride-on mower and said forward surface of said pivoting assembly; coupling second portions of said torsion bar that extend substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of said ride-on mower to structure coupled to said pivoting assembly; and transferring weight from a portion of said ride-on mower to another portion of said ride-on mower using said torsion bar.
 6. A rear suspension device in combination with a ride-on mower including a frame, the rear suspension device comprising:a torsion bar including a first portion and a second portion formed integrally with the first portion, and a pivoting assembly coupled to a rear portion of said frame of said ride-on mower, said pivoting assembly having a forward surface cooperating with a rearward surface of said frame to define a space which locates said first portion of said torsion bar for trapping the first portion of said torsion bar between said frame and said pivoting assembly; a coupling structure coupled to said pivoting assembly, said coupling structure including an aperture; and said integral second portion of said torsion bar extending substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of said ride-on mower and being coupled to said pivoting assembly by inserting at least one end of said torsion bar through said aperture of said coupling structure.
 7. The combination as defined in claim 6, wherein said rear portion of said frame includes at least one projection for trapping said first portion of said torsion bar.
 8. A rear suspension device in combination with a ride-on mower including a frame, the rear suspension device comprising:a pivoting assembly coupled to a rear portion of said frame of said ride-on mower; a torsion bar including a first portion and a second portion that is integral with said first portion, said integral second portion of said torsion bar extending substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of said ride-on mower and being coupled to said pivoting assembly; and a coupling structure coupled to said pivoting assembly, said coupling structure including first and second coupling members having respective first and second apertures, and wherein said torsion bar is coupled to said pivoting assembly by inserting first and second ends of said torsion bar through said apertures in said first and second coupling members, respectively, with said first and second ends of said torsion bar extending beyond said first and second coupling members, defining an accessory support for an accessory, allowing the accessory to follow ground contours along with said pivoting assembly. 